![]() ![]() The reliability of the universal goniometer in non-expert examiners can be increased by clear instructions on goniometric alignment.Įlbow goniometry reliability universal goniometer validity ‘range of motion’. Overall, the studies showed high intra- and interrater reliability of the universal goniometer. One study investigating the validity of the goniometer in elbow measurements found a maximum standard error of the mean of 11.5° for total range of motion. Another study in which examiners were not instructed found a higher interrater reliability in expert examiners. Keywords: elbow goniometry reliability universal goniometer validity ‘range of motion’. The reliability of the universal goniometer in non-expert examiners can be increased by clear instructions on goniometric alignment. One study providing instructions on goniometric alignment did not find a difference in expert versus non-expert examiners. Overall, the studies showed high intra- and interrater reliability of the universal goniometer. The intrarater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.45 to 0.99, the interrater reliability ranged from intraclass correlation coefficient 0.53-0.97. Out of 697 studies yielded from our literature search, 12 were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Appraisal of Diagnostic Reliability (QAREL) scoring system. A literature search was conducted on relevant studies. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed and our study protocol was published online at PROSPERO. With this review we aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of the universal goniometer in measurements of the adults' elbow. The universal goniometer is a simple measuring tool. ![]()
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